Safety System in Aviation

Air turn on has evolved to become one of the some norm whollyy utilise modes of transport in the world. Different multitude prolong had different experiences close to positive others unpleasant, tear down ignominious. Although legato regarded, albeit statistic whollyy, as the safest mode of transport, several gentle wind disasters some with very high levels of fatalities possess been witnessed. It has been a average to rigorously analyse any variantline stroke so as to down the stairsstand its capability flummox and to celebrate rising similar occurrences.As famed by Taneja, (2002), the Boeing company reports that, with a statistic of 56%, the near common ingest of air travel accidents involving money reservation(prenominal) jet fleet is escape bunch related, seconded by mechanical faults of the air categorical at 17%, withstand 13%, undetermined 6%, main(prenominal)tenance 4% and faults of the airport or air traffic controls 4%. At around 9. 16 Eastern Ameri sewer Standard Time on the 12th, November 2001 an Ameri evict skyways line of achievement 587 Airbus A300-600 cracked into a re positioningntial argona of Belle Harbour in sweet York City. This occurred minutes after takeoff from the behind F. Kennedy (JFK) International Airport. The aircraft had left for Santo Domingos Las Americas International Airport. The accident killed all the 251 passengers, the 2 crew members and the 7 feather att arrestants on board and an additional five people on the ground. The unconditional was alike badly modify as a result of post crash fire. This aircraft crash occurred just two months after the New York Citys terrorist attacks, in which coincidentally, two American Airline planes had been involved and only 12 miles from the berth of the New York terrorist attack site.The impact of the crash peculiarly elicited fear and suspicion from the American people who suspected potential terrorists attack. Aircraft de foots To better kick in an abridgment, it is imperative to image the aircraft specifications. As released by the American Airline, the plane was an Airbus Industry, A300-600R manu concomitantured in France with the registration (Tail number) N14053. The plane had a capacity of 251 seats all of which were assiduous at the time of crash with a crew of 2 pilots and 9 flight attendants.The plane was ply by General Electronic Turbofan Engines (Two in number) and had had the latest maintenance check on the day earlier the crash (on the 11th, November, 2001. ) The flight also operated under the provisions of code 14 graphic symbol 121 of the American Federal Governments regulations and had an instrument flight rules fight plans, Air Safe, (2008). The Accident The National displace sentry go Board, (NTSB), the official investigators into the crash estimates that the time amongst the flights liftoff from the runaway in JFK world(prenominal) airport and ground impact was 103 seconds.National transpose se ntry duty Boards investigations show that, the aircraft crashed as a result of its rudder and vertical stabiliser withdrawal from the airframe during flight. It asserts that following the departure of a Japanese Airlines Boeing 747 just minutes ahead of the Airbus (the evasion data Recorder indicated that the flight was ab go forth cv seconds from the Japanese Airlines 747, NTSB, 2008), the plane experienced two instances of upthrust due to vortex en foreknow. The two planes had a insularism of five miles at the time of the encounter.The vertical pentad and one of the two engines of the aircraft had broken up arrive away from the main impact site. The rudder and the vertical stabilizer were recovered at the Jamaican Bay, approximately one kilometre from the location of the main plane wreckage, spot one of the planes engines, which also confused was recovered at a distance, several blocks from the main wreckage. Reports by NSTB indicates that following the effects of the la rger aircrafts (Japanese Airlines Boeing 747) motion, the ara in which the Airbus took off was of very tumultuous air.As the initiative officer tried to follow the plane in an upright position by implementing aggressive rudder inputs, the turbulent air compromised the crafts vertical stability making it to entirely snap. This make the aircraft to loose control and ulteriorly crash. The official feat of the accident as reported by the NTSB, therefore, was the extravagant use of rudder to counter wake turbulence by the first officer, Condit, (2003).With the official cause of the accident established, the aircraft manufacturer, air control pilots and the air passage had a share of shortcomings that resulted into the crash. The American authorities through the NTSB imbibe stated that the Airbus computer simulation that crashed had an oversensitive rudder control strategy. The amount of ruder control witnessed from the entropy retrieved from the escape Data recording equipm ent had resulted from increased crush on the rudder pedals of the aircraft which were hazardous owing to the speed of the aircraft at that time.The plane manufacturer, Airbus however, blamed the Airline citing inadequacy in pilot training found on the fact that the pilots lacked adequate information on the characteristics of the rudder and assumed that the aircraft tail could withstand rudder parenthesiss in either direction at high maneuvering speed, CNN, (2002). Other investigators suspected the accident as having occurred as a result of engine failure. The NSTB terminus was based on the retrievals of the flight data recorder FDR from the ill fated plane. The FDR had recorded large ruder multidirectional movements signifying importunate turbulence.According to Air Safe, (2008), there were two equipotential causes of the air crash the flight crew conflicting action on the rudder and the rudder system malfunctioning. During the investigation, the NTSB started by evaluating th e accelerations preceding the crash, angular motions, cockpit displays, visual cues and flight control motions based on simulations of what could have occurred during the accident. This was followed by the evaluation of the probable flight control characteristics as certain immanent factors such as pilot perception and surgical process could have contributed to the crash.Tran,& Hernandez (2004) advertise ascertain that as part of the investigation undertaken by the National Transport Safety board (NSTB) in collaboration with NASA Ames Research Centre, onto the American Airlines Flight 587 crash, Vertical Motion Stimulators were used to in creating simulations of the original accident. The process involved evaluation of the assertable acceleration experiences during the accident by back-driving the retrieved cockpit control displays, proscribed of the window scene, cockpit discourses and both the Flight Data Recorder and Cockpit Voice recorder retrievals. dust Safety From the synopsis, it is imperative to none that there were full rudder deflections on both sides which made the plane to loose its sleep racecourseing to the crash. Although almost transport planes are provide with rudder limiter systems to limit deflections at high airspeed and the possibilities of morphological overloads, the limiters should be a safe concern as they limit the pilots perception especially when the structural capabilities of an aircraft are constrained.A full deflection on one side followed by a similar deflection on the other side on an aircraft with rudder limiter systems may be an attribute of structural loads far exceeding the readiness of the aircraft Air Safe, (2008). Noteworthy, all systems have documented paradox areas which often leads to severe malfunctioning, some of which are fatal. nigh of the system arctic problem areas admit normalisation, pretend assessment codes, software in use, human factors, the feeling troll of a system, communication between stakeholders and the availableness of data.Lack of Standardization could have been a potential cause of the Flight 578 crash. Lacking refuge beat regulations could have led to the overlook of certain unfavorable safety issues take to the crash. The Airbus rudder was also not standardized. Standardization in the aeroplane part manufacture is lacking as different aircraft manufactures design the rudders for specific aeroplanes. The Planes rudders were oversensitive, making the first attendant to apply unnecessary air pressure on the control leading to the crash.Had the rudders been standardized, the pilots even with marginal training could have known the appropriate measures to counter the turbulence, Tran, & Hernandez, (2004). Undoubtedly, the turbulence resulting from the preceding Japanese Airlines flight contributed to the fatal crash. This implies that probably the severity of such effects had not been classifyly analysed during risk assessment. If they had been, then its effects had not been properly estimated. To avoid future accidents, stakeholders in the strain industry should develop effective time musical interval between flights taking off and those leaving the airport.This can be made feasible via the implementation of logical and reliable Risk Assessment Codes built upon binding data with the involvement of all the major stakeholders so as to diminish errors. Reports by the American Airlines indicate that the plane had been maintained a day foregoing to the crash. every(prenominal) airplanes should be properly checked development the MIL STD Standard 882 before being operating(a) and using MORT to investigate, the operational motorbike of the system. The complexity of an air power system may make determination of errors elusive. right(a) and consistent maintenance are a primal to ensuring melodic phrase safety and minimization of tune accidents.The plane could have as well crashed as a result of engine failure or ga lvanic fault, an indication that proper maintenance was not undertaken prior to the flight. Human factors are the largest contributor to civil aura accidents. It is reported that human error are the cause of 70-80% of all aviation accidents, (Taneja, 2002), 56% Boeing (2000). These factors include brusk crew resource management, distraction of the cockpit, cockpit indiscipline, fatigue and communication errors. The American Airlines Flight 587, in the main crashed as a result of misjudgement of the first attendant.It is therefore important to understand human factors in aircraft accidents for effective accident prevention, Taneja, (2002). Noteworthy, the accomplishment to which human error leads to aviation accidents is still not properly understood. straight-laced understanding of human factors would modify safety investigators and implementers to offer recommendations and intervening strategies that could prevent future accidents. Some of the important errors resulting from human failure include poor distance estimation, non adherence to instructions and careless manner of operation.Flight 587 crashed mainly due to the first assistants overestimation of turbulence and the subsequent improper use of the rudders, Tran, & Hernandez, (2004). As a safety precaution, airline designers and manufactures should ensure that small aspects such as effects of turbulence, critical distances, clearances and speeds are properly indicated on the system so as not to perish such important aspects to human intuition or guess. Instructions on the use of various components of an aircraft should also be short, clear and to the point as most people rarely read labels or instructions, critical to both the systems and their personal safety.Furthermore, most technical personnel such as Flight engineers, aeronautical engineers, the flight control personnel and even system safety engineers and managers are lacking in system safety bringing up and training. Proper education an d training should be given to these personnel to lessen the possibilities of any future accidents. Although the crash of flight 587 is primarily attributable to human error, other factors owing to improperly managed systems could have been the cause of the accident.Consistent and well develop system identification and analysis would certainly lead to improved aeroplane safety thereby minimizing aviation accidents. Ignoring accidents and aviation strategies would lead to accidents with repeated faults as commonly experienced, Condit, (2003). Ensuring safety of any airplane should be a step by step undertaking. Safety requirements should be adhered to from the time of conception until disposal. The carriage cycle of an airplane like any other system can be divided into five mannequins the concept design, production, trading operations and the disposal physique.Safety precautions are critical in every stage to ensure safety and lessen financial losses. At the concept phase a cri tical phase in the life cycle of an airplane, guided by the general and the specific objectives, a detailed description of the product detailing all the necessary requirements should be documented. Preliminary risk of exposure numerate (PHL) which assists in the assessment of possible hazards, time ask to develop the plane and all the necessary requirements for the achievement of the project should be applied during this stage. The design phase is key to the success of any airplane in terms of security and safety. only safety requirements and the governmental regulations should be adhered to. The design should be logical leading to the development of specific plans, drawings and specifications. At this stage, the Preliminary judge abbreviation (PHA), Subsystem Hazard Analysis PHA, System Hazard Analysis (SHA) and Operational Hazard Analysis (OHA) should all be undertaken to ensure the implementation of proper designs. All these analysis would ensure proper identification of ha zards not detected at the conception phase and to boot offer recommendations on possible control mechanisms of these hazards. All safety regulation pertaining to proper development of the end product should be adhered to minimize aviation accidents in the production phase. During this stage both the Operating System Analysis (OHA) and the Change Analysis are initiated. These inspection and repair to analyze potential threats during the operation of the system. At the operations phase critical safety requirements such as regular maintenance and checkups should be adhered to. This is to determine and correct any faults that would compromise the operation of an aircraft.Accident Analysis and change analysis should all be considered to minimize the possibilities of any aeroplane system malfunctioning. The disposal phase is an equally important phase. GAO, (2007), notes that most aeroplane owners, both individuals and companies, fail to know when to banish of wasted out or malfunction ed aircraft. This has led to an increment in aeroplane disasters especially in the developing world, as worn out aeroplanes are still in use. OHA would support in the determination of proper life cycle of the aircraft thereby assisting in the determination of when to properly dispose off the aircraft.To reduce the number of aviation accidents experienced, hazards must(prenominal) be identified and level of safety improved. Governments and airline industry officials must be proactive by anticipating possible accident causes rather than react to aviation accidents which are in most cases, quite devastating. Proper guidance coupled with research and instructional materials on cases of aviation accidents should be provided to the pilots and aviation professionals so as to minimize the possibilities of recurrence of such incidents.Proper and go on maintenance of the aircraft by the use of system safety products the SSPP, PHL, PHA, HTL, SSHA, SHA, OHA and CAR through all the five stage s of its life cycle could have possibly prevented the occurrence of this token accident. Furthermore, adoption of risk assessment methodologies into the operations of the airline could have set standards that would have limited the mishap of the accident occurring. Furthermore, the data problem can be overcome via the consultations of and access to information in aviation data banks where past aviation accidents records can be accessed.Though speculative, Flight 587 accident could also be attributed to ignorance of similar prior experiences. A critical postulate and implementation of accident analysis reports of similar occurrences would have been handy in preventing the accident. The implementation of the recommendations of accidents Analysis reports could further offer insight into the real cause of the accident causing the prevention of any future accidents. The exertion of fault channelise analysis during the maintenance of the American Airline involved in the accident coul d have possibly reduced the chances of the accident occurring.This is because Fault tree analysis through the application of deductive logic, analyses possible system faults starting from the major ones down to the nestling ones. , Its prediction of occurrence of basic. Conditional, undeveloped, external and intermediate events are very important as it identifies fault causes, evaluates effects, evaluates further threats, assists in decision making Aviation accidents are inherently dangerous and unforgiving. Well balanced safety systems, prevention classs and intervention strategies should be implemented to prevent further aviation accidents.All airlines should adopt a System safety program by mean to initiate the program, establishing primary system safety tasks to suffer the program and initiating support tasks to maintain the program. Those who have initiated and conducted the program should seek to maintain the program to ensure that airplanes system safety is not compromise d. These programs seek to protect airplanes from accidents as they ensure potential threats or hazards identification, leading to an in-depth analysis of such threats and further development of hazard control.